Chapter XXIII.On The Objectification Of The Will In Unconscious Nature. Chapter XXIV. On Matter. Chapter XXV. Transcendent Considerations Concerning The Will As Thing In Itself. Chapter XXVI. On Teleology. Chapter XXVII. On Instinct And Mechanical Tendency. Chapter XXVIII. Characterisation Of The Will To Live. Supplements to the Third Book. Chapter XXIX. On The Knowledge Of The Ideas. Chapter XXX. On The Pure Subject Of Knowledge. Chapter XXXI. On Genius. Chapter XXXII. On Madness. Chapter XXXIII. Isolated Remarks On Natural Beauty. Chapter XXXIV. On The Inner Nature Of Art. Chapter XXXV. On The Æsthetics Of Architecture. Chapter XXXVI. Isolated Remarks On The Æsthetics Of The Plastic And Pictorial Arts. Chapter XXXVII. On The Æsthetics Of Poetry. Chapter XXXVIII. On History. Chapter XXXIX. On The Metaphysics Of Music. Supplements to the Fourth Book. Chapter XL. Preface. Chapter XLI. On Death And Its Relation To The Indestructibility Of Our True Nature. Chapter XLII. The Life Of The Species. Chapter XLIII. On Heredity. Chapter XLIV. The Metaphysics Of The Love Of The Sexes. Chapter XLV. On The Assertion Of The Will To Live. Chapter XLVI. On The Vanity And Suffering Of Life. Chapter XLVII. On Ethics. Chapter XLVIII. On The Doctrine Of The Denial Of The Will To Live. Chapter XLIX. The Way Of Salvation. Chapter L. Epiphilosophy. Appendix. Abstract. Chapter I. Chapter II. Chapter III. Chapter IV. Chapter V. Chapter VI. Chapter VII. Chapter VIII. Index. Corrigenda And Addenda In Vol. I. Footnotes [Cover Art] [Transcriber’s Note: The above cover image was produced by the submitter at Distributed Proofreaders, and is being placed into the public domain.] SUPPLEMENTS TO THE SECOND BOOK. Chapter XXI. Retrospect and More General View. If the _intellect_ were not of a subordinate nature, as the two preceding chapters show, then everything which takes place without it, _i.e._, without intervention of the idea, such as reproduction, the development and maintenance of the organism, the healing of wounds, the restoration or vicarious supplementing of mutilated parts, the salutary crisis in diseases, the works of the mechanical skill of animals, and the performances of instinct would not be done so infinitely better and more perfectly than what takes place with the assistance of intellect, all conscious and intentional achievements of men, which compared with the former are mere bungling. In general _nature_ signifies that which operates, acts, performs without the assistance of the intellect. Now, that this is really identical with what we find in ourselves as _will_ is the general theme of this second book, and also of the essay, “_Ueber den Willen in der Natur_.” The possibility of this fundamental knowledge depends upon the fact that _in us_ the will is directly lighted by the intellect, which here appears as self‐consciousness; otherwise we could just as little arrive at a fuller knowledge of it _within us_ as without us, and must for ever stop at inscrutable forces of nature. We have to abstract from the assistance of the _intellect_ if we wish to comprehend the nature of the will in itself, and thereby, as far as is possible, penetrate to the inner being of nature. On this account, it may be remarked in passing, my direct antipode among philosophers is Anaxagoras; for he assumed arbitrarily as that which is first and original, from which everything proceeds, a νους, an intelligence, a subject of ideas, and he is regarded as the first who promulgated such a view. According to him the world existed earlier in the mere idea than in itself; while according to me it is the unconscious _will_ which constitutes the reality of things, and its development must...